A Future That Depends on Action Today

This World Environment Day, hosted by Azerbaijan, the conversation goes beyond the environment alone. The climate crisis is about people, their lives, and their futures. Among those most affected are women and children, who continue to face the harshest consequences of changing weather patterns, water scarcity, and food insecurity.

Impact of Climate Change on Women and Children

When droughts intensify and water sources shrink, it is often women and girls who travel longer distances to collect water, losing valuable time that could otherwise go toward education, work, or care. Crop failures caused by erratic rainfall and rising temperatures directly affect women who are often primary caregivers and contributors to household food systems.

Children face the impact even more deeply. Nearly 45 percent of deaths linked to undernutrition are among children under five, showing how climate stress quickly turns into a nutrition and health crisis. Extreme weather events also disrupt schooling, increase the spread of disease,

and force families into displacement. According to the United Nations, women account for close to 80 percent of those displaced by climate related disasters.

Empowering Change Through Sustainable Solutions

The way forward lies in community driven and sustainable solutions. Climate resilient farming, better water management, and stronger livelihood opportunities can help families adapt while protecting natural resources.

Supporting women with access to sustainable agricultural practices and income opportunities strengthens not only households but entire communities. When communities are equipped to adapt, children are more likely to remain healthy, nourished, and in school.

How Action Against Hunger Foundation Creates Change?

Action Against Hunger Foundation continues to work towards long term climate resilience through practical and community focused solutions:

• Supporting organic and sustainable farming practices
• Promoting climate resilient livelihoods for vulnerable communities
• Improving access to safe water and sanitation
• Strengthening nutrition support for women and children

Its approach focuses on solutions that help families face climate challenges with dignity and resilience, creating a safer and more sustainable future.

A Shared Responsibility

World Environment Day is a reminder that action does not stop today, it must continue every day.

Climate action must place people at its heart, because protecting the environment also means protecting lives, health, and futures, especially for those most vulnerable to its impact. The choices we make today will shape the world we live in tomorrow.

Let us commit to sustained action, collective responsibility, and building a safer, more sustainable future for all.

In a world of advanced monitors and beeping machines, we believe that the most powerful life-support system is still a mother’s heartbeat. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a transformative approach to newborn health that shows how skin-to-skin contact is not just comforting, but lifesaving.

For babies born too soon or too small, this simple practice provides the warmth, protection, and nourishment they need to survive and thrive. Through our programmes, we continue to promote KMC as a critical, life-saving intervention for newborn care.

What is Kangaroo Mother Care?

Kangaroo Mother Care is a method where a newborn is held in direct skin-to-skin contact with their mother or a caregiver. When combined with exclusive breastfeeding, it creates a natural, protective environment that supports the baby’s early development.

As part of our maternal and child health initiatives, we actively work with caregivers and healthcare providers to build awareness and confidence around adopting KMC practices.

The Four Pillars of KMC Duration

While any duration is beneficial, we encourage consistent practice for the best outcomes:

• Short: 4 hours daily
• Extended: 5 to 8 hours daily
• Long: 9 to 12 hours daily
• Continuous: More than 12 hours daily, especially for high-risk infants

Why is KMC the Ultimate Lifeline for Little Ones?

For a low birth weight infant, the world outside the womb can be overwhelming. Through our on-ground experience, we have seen how KMC helps bridge this transition by:

• Regulating body temperature and preventing hypothermia
• Reducing the risk of infections and strengthening immunity
• Supporting healthy brain development
• Promoting steady weight gain and faster recovery
• Building a deep emotional bond between parent and child

We have witnessed firsthand how consistent KMC practices can improve survival rates and overall well-being of newborns in resource-limited settings.

Perfecting the Kangaroo Position

To ensure safety and comfort, correct positioning is essential:

• The baby is placed upright between the mother’s breasts
• The head is turned to one side and slightly extended to keep the airway clear
• The hips are flexed in a frog-like position, with arms tucked in
• A soft cloth or binder supports the baby securely, allowing the caregiver to move comfortably

While it is called Kangaroo Mother Care, we encourage fathers and other family members to participate, making care a shared responsibility and strengthening family involvement in newborn care.

Turning Care into Action

At Action Against Hunger, we work to ensure that KMC is not just understood, but consistently practiced within healthcare systems and communities.

From Concept to Consistent Care at Cooper Hospital, Mumbai

In collaboration with Dr. R. N. Cooper Municipal General Hospital, Mumbai, we have helped integrate KMC into routine newborn care.

• Dedicated KMC units now provide round-the-clock support for preterm and low birth weight infants
• Over the past three years, more than 500 babies have benefited from this care, showing improved recovery and steady weight gain
• Our teams also support mothers and caregivers on-site, ensuring they are confident and comfortable practicing KMC

Care That Continues Beyond Hospital Walls

Our support does not end at discharge. We stay connected with families through follow-up calls and guidance, ensuring that KMC and breastfeeding practices continue safely at home.

We also work at the community level to raise awareness, address barriers, and ensure that families feel supported even beyond healthcare facilities

Is KMC Right for Every Baby?

The initiation of KMC depends on the baby’s condition and birth weight:

• Under 1200 grams: Requires stabilization in specialized care before starting KMC
• 1200 to 1800 grams: Can begin after a few days once the baby is stable
• 1800 to 2500 grams: Can often start soon after birth

Our approach focuses on supporting healthcare providers and families to make informed decisions based on each baby’s needs.

A Simple Touch, A Lifetime of Health

Kangaroo Mother Care reminds us that healthcare is not only about technology, but also about human connection. By enabling parents to play an active role in their baby’s care, we are helping ensure that even the smallest newborns have the strength to grow, recover, and look forward to a healthier future.

Sources

• Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
  Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) Resource Material
  KMC PPT Resource
• World Health Organization.
  Kangaroo Mother Care: A Clinical Practice Guide (2025)
• World Health Organization.
  Immediate Kangaroo Mother Care and newborn survival evidence
• National Health Mission, Government of India.
  Operational Guidelines for Kangaroo Mother Care and Optimal Feeding of Low Birth Weight Infants

Breastfeeding may seem natural, but it requires extraordinary strength from every mother. Her body works tirelessly to produce the essential nutrition her baby needs to grow and stay healthy.

At Action Against Hunger, we stand beside mothers throughout this beautiful yet demanding phase of life. With the right nutrition and care, they can stay energized, recover better, and continue giving their little ones the very best every day.

Here’s a simple nutrition guide to help lactating mothers take essential steps toward better nourishment and well-being:

1️⃣ Iron – The Power Behind Energy¹⁻⁴

• Prevents tiredness, weakness, and anemia
•  Supports postpartum recovery
  Sources: Dark leafy greens, beans, jaggery, whole grains, eggs, lean meat

2️⃣ Calcium – For Strong Bones (Mother & Baby)¹⁻⁴

• Helps baby’s bone and teeth development
• Prevents bone loss in mothers
  Sources: Milk, curd, paneer, ragi, sesame seeds, almonds, broccoli

3️⃣ Protein – Fuels Milk Production³⁻⁵

• Repairs tissues and builds muscles
• Supports mother’s strength and baby’s growth
  Sources: Lentils, legumes, eggs, fish, chicken, soy, peanuts, dairy products

4️⃣ Healthy Fats – Brain & Nervous System Development⁴⁻⁷

• Supports brain and vision development
  Sources: Nuts, seeds, avocados, vegetable oils, fatty fish

5️⃣ Vitamin A – Immunity & Vision¹⁻⁵

• Strengthens the baby’s immune system
• Protects maternal eye health
  Sources: Carrots, pumpkin, sweet potato, spinach, milk, mango

6️⃣ Vitamin D – Helps Absorb Calcium²⁻⁵

• Supports bone strength and immunity
  Sources: Morning sunlight, fortified milk, eggs

7️⃣ Folic Acid – Cell Growth & Blood Health¹⁻⁴

• Essential for new cell formation
• Helps prevent nutrient deficiencies
  Sources: Green leafy vegetables, legumes, citrus fruits

8️⃣ Fluids – The Key to Milk Flow¹⁻⁷

• Boosts milk production
• Prevents dehydration
  Best choices: Water, coconut water, buttermilk, fresh juices, soups
  ⚠ Avoid packaged sugary drinks

Daily Diet Chart for Breastfeeding Mothers

This plan focuses on frequent, nutrient-dense meals to support energy, recovery, and milk production, incorporating the essential nutrients discussed in the blog.

Taking the Next Step

To break this cycle, Action Against Hunger focuses on practical, community-driven solutions that combine infrastructure with education:

While these recommendations lay a strong foundation, each mother’s dietary needs vary. For detailed guidance tailored to your specific dietary needs, we strongly encourage you to consult a healthcare professional.

Your baby deserves the best, and so do you! Start making empowering choices today and seek the expert support you need.

References 

1. World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding: Guiding principles for breastfeeding mothers. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
2. UNICEF India. Maternal nutrition: Ensuring the health of mothers and babies. New Delhi: UNICEF; 2024.
3. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Dietary guidelines for lactating women. Government of India; 2022.
4. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Nutrient requirements and recommended dietary allowances for Indians. New Delhi: ICMR; 2020.
5. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Dietary supplement fact sheets. Bethesda (MD): NIH; 2023.
6. National Health Service (NHS). Breastfeeding diet recommendations. London: NHS UK; 2023.
7. American Pregnancy Association. Nutrition for breastfeeding mothers. Texas: APA; 2024.
   
8. Surya Hospital. Breast milk increasing foods: Indian diet chart for lactating mothers [blog]. Surya Hospital; 2025.

Picture Courtesy: The Gray Matter

As we mark World Food Day under the compelling theme, “WATER IS LIFE, WATER IS FOOD. LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND,” it’s imperative that we reflect on the profound role that water plays in shaping our lives, economies, and ecosystems.

Dr. Roshni Vakilna serves as the Technical Lead for Project Vruddhi at Action Against Hunger in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Her dedication and expertise are driving innovative solutions to combat hunger and create a brighter, more sustainable future for communities in need. Dr. Vakilna, a brilliant mind is a passionate advocate for positive change.

Water is the lifeblood of our planet, an indispensable element that not only sustains us but also underpins the very foundation of our global food systems. As we mark World Food Day under the compelling theme, “WATER IS LIFE, WATER IS FOOD. LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND”, we must reflect on the profound role that water plays in shaping our lives, economies, and ecosystems.

With over 50% of our bodies composed of it and 71% of the Earth’s surface covered by it, water’s significance is undeniable. However, the troubling reality is that while only 2.5% of water is fresh and suitable for essential purposes like drinking and agriculture, we are facing an unprecedented challenge. Rapid population growth, urbanization, economic development, and the relentless impacts of climate change are straining our precious water resources, pushing them to the brink.

As fresh water becomes scarcer, it’s often the world’s most vulnerable communities, including smallholder farmers, Indigenous Peoples, migrants, and refugees, who bear the brunt of this crisis, sparking competition and conflicts over access to this life-sustaining source. In this pressing context, it is our collective responsibility to safeguard this invaluable resource and ensure that no one is left behind in our pursuit of a sustainable and equitable future.

In rural India, the struggle for access to clean and sufficient water is an ongoing crisis that refuses to relent. Recent data underscores the severity of the issue, with nearly one-fifth of rural habitations falling short of the minimum entitled water quantity of 40 liters per capita per day, equivalent to just two buckets a day. This water scarcity intensifies during the dry season, ushering in a period of dire need. With the onset of summer, media reports flood in from various corners of the country, highlighting the escalating drinking water crisis. For weeks, if not months, a significant portion of India’s population—especially those in rural areas—grapples with the harsh reality of water scarcity. During this time, millions of rural residents, along with their livestock, embark on a relentless battle for survival. It’s a recurring nightmare, exacerbated by insufficient rainfall and drought-like conditions in various parts of the nation. Reports indicate plummeting groundwater levels, dwindling lakes, drying wells, reservoirs, and rapidly vanishing dams.

As the mercury soars and heatwaves become increasingly severe, several regions in Gujarat face an alarming water crisis, particularly affecting Saurashtra, Kutch, North Gujarat, and parts of tribal areas in central and South Gujarat. Over 20 districts suffer from severe water scarcity, with towns and villages receiving water only twice a week. In more than 500 villages across 14 districts, drinking water is delivered via tankers, a number expected to rise.

The crisis manifests differently in rural and urban contexts, influenced by various factors such as water supply systems, institutional accountability, socio-economic conditions, and reliance on different water sources.

Historically, rural areas have leaned on community-managed water sources, like wells and ponds, accessible to specific communities. Public or common property sources, including lakes and rivers, were also used for drinking. A minority of affluent households had exclusive water sources. This reliance on community water sources introduced its own set of challenges, including laborious water collection processes, poor water quality, seasonal shortages, and a lack of maintenance. Additionally, certain social groups were excluded from specific water sources. In response to these challenges, individual and household-level piped water supply systems were introduced to complement community sources. Access to piped water at the household level came to be seen as an indicator of an improved standard of living, particularly in urban areas. This concept gradually extended to rural India in the era of local governance. Since Independence, numerous programs have aimed to provide rural households with individual water connections, a goal that remains central to all drinking water schemes today. However, despite decades of effort, progress in this area remains limited and unsatisfactory. Recent statistics reveal that only 18% of rural households have piped water supplied to their dwellings. Over half of rural households still rely on public or common water sources. The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) noted that despite an expenditure of Rs 81,168 crores, the coverage of rural habitations only increased by 8% at 40 liters per capita per day during 2012-17. More than half of rural households (51%) rely on sources like tubewells, handpumps, or borewells for their water needs, sources that often run dry during the summer as groundwater levels decline.

The decline in community and common property water resources, along with neglect and privatization by dominant rural sections, has led to their progressive disappearance from the rural landscape. Government water supply programs have fallen short in establishing sustainable water supply mechanisms. These programs often prioritize achieving numerical targets rather than ensuring the sustained availability of water. Consequently, there are few efforts to introduce techniques that can preserve local sources, preventing scarcity and fluctuations in drinking water availability. It’s crucial to preserve, conserve, and revive traditional and common water sources with public and state intervention as part of water supply programs. Simultaneously, access to common resources should not replace the provision of household-level piped water connections. These approaches must complement each other, adapting to local needs and conditions. Such efforts are especially critical in drought-prone regions to ensure access to clean, reliable water throughout the year.

It’s the moment to embark on a journey of prudent water management! What steps should YOU take?

1. 1. Rethink Our Relationship with Water: It’s crucial for all of us to recognize the value of water and cease taking it for granted.
   2. Mindful Food Choices: Our food choices have a significant impact on water resources. Opt for locally sourced, seasonal, and fresh foods to reduce water consumption in food production.
   3. Minimize Food Waste: Cutting down on food wastage is another way to conserve water. Be mindful of how much food you buy and consume and find creative ways to use leftovers.
   4. Safe Reuse Practices: Embrace safe methods of reusing water while being vigilant about preventing water pollution.
   5. Collaborative Action: Together, as a collective, we can take meaningful steps towards securing a sustainable water future for food, people, and our planet.

“Originally written and edited for The Gray Matter”

A Comparative Analysis of the Causes, Consequences, and Interventions Undertaken to Mitigate Malnutrition and hunger in India and Around the World

Aim: This article aims to investigate the issues of hunger and malnutrition in India and globally, comparing and contrasting the causes, consequences, and interventions. 

Abstract: This research article discusses and compares the food, nutrition insecurity of India, Yemen, Somalia and Haiti. This article also discusses the existing safety net schemes like Integrated Child development scheme and Public distribution scheme by the government of India to support the vulnerable section of the society to ensure food and nutrition security across different age groups. It further mentions Action against Hunger’s initiatives towards building a nutrition resilient community through its nutrition sensitive and nutrition specific interventions.

Introduction

Malnutrition refers to a condition that arises when the body does not receive adequate nutrients to maintain optimal health and functioning. It can result from a deficiency, an excess, or an imbalance of nutrients in the diet. Malnutrition can affect people of all ages, from infants and children to adults and older people, and is a significant global health concern. 

India has alarming malnutrition rates among children under five. Poverty, limited access to nutritious food, and inadequate healthcare contribute to this crisis. Even with the government having several initiatives to combat the issue and improve healthcare services, there are significant challenges in executing the same.  

Globally, nutrition crises continue to have devastating impacts. From Yemen and Somalia to Haiti, many countries are still struggling to address the nutritional needs of their citizens. This article aims to understand the causes and consequences of such food crises in India and globally and examine interventions undertaken to mitigate the problem.  

Methodology 

This article employed multiple data collection methods to facilitate comprehensive analysis and establish meaningful correlations.  

Primary data: A comprehensive interview was conducted with a distinguished expert from an esteemed organisation working in the field to address the issue – Action Against Hunger. A concise summary of the discussion, rewritten for easy understanding, has been included in the paper.  

Secondary data: Reliable sources and journal articles were used for a comparative analysis of the causes, consequences, and interventions executed to combat hunger in India and three other countries – Yemen, Somalia, and Haiti.   

Causes, Consequences, and Interventions for Hunger Crisis Around the World

Unfortunately, global hunger remains a pervasive issue today, resulting in approximately 25,000 deaths each day, with 10,000 of them being children, as reported by the United Nations. This dire situation has been further exacerbated by escalating food prices and the exorbitant fuel cost.

For this article, the food crisis is explained in these three specific countries – Yemen, Somalia, and Haiti.

 Since 2015 the civil war has led to violence, migration and breakdown of all kinds of essential infrastructure which disrupted agricultural production, distribution channels and access to food leading to a dire humanitarian situation in Yemen.  The severity of hunger has reached unparalleled levels now resulting in immense suffering for millions of individuals. It is reported that malnutrition levels are fairly high in Yemen with 1.3 million undernourished pregnant and lactating mothers, nearly 2.2 million undernourished children have been identified that need to be treated for acute malnutrition. 

 Similarly, Somalia is facing the dire hunger crisis due to grappling and devastating effects of droughts in the Horn of Africa. The situation is catastrophic as nearly 6.5 million individuals are facing food insecurity. Somalia has faced a different kind of crisis back in 2011 where nearly quarter of a million lives were lost due to famine. 

The cause of severe hunger issues in Haiti is due to food insecurity caused by poverty, deforestation and soil erosion have impacted agricultural productivity. Not only the country struggles with inadequate infrastructure but the climatic changes are badly affecting the harvests. Due to food and nutrition insecurity the population especially, children have become susceptible to infections.

Existing scenario of malnutrition in India

India has one of the highest rates of malnutrition globally. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) conducted in 2019-21, nearly 36% of children under the age of five in India are stunted (low height for age), 19% are wasted (low weight for height), and 32% are underweight.

Malnutrition rates vary across different states and regions of India. Generally, states with higher poverty rates and lower socioeconomic indicators tend to have higher malnutrition rates. In India, Bihar has the highest malnutrition rate, while Pondicherry and Sikkim have the lowest malnutrition rates. 

 Contributing factors to malnutrition in India 

Malnutrition in India is caused by a complex interplay of factors, including poverty, limited access to nutritious food, inadequate healthcare facilities, poor sanitation and hygiene, and insufficient maternal and child care practices. These factors contribute to a significant impact on both children and mothers.For children, malnutrition poses serious health and developmental challenges, leading to physical and cognitive impairments, reduced immunity, heightened susceptibility to diseases, and increased mortality rates.

Similarly, malnourished mothers face adverse consequences. They are more likely to give birth to underweight babies, perpetuating the vicious cycle of malnutrition. Maternal malnutrition also raises the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth, further exacerbating the health and well-being of both mothers and their infants. 

Government Interventions to Combat Hunger in India 

The Indian government has implemented various programs to address malnutrition, including the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, which involves providing food, preschool education, and primary education to children under six years of age and their mothers, the National Health Mission (NHM), and the National Nutrition Mission (POSHAN Abhiyaan). These governmental programmes aim to reduce child stunting, underweight and low birth weight by two percentage points per annum and anaemia among children (and young females) by three percentage points per annum.

These governmental initiatives aim to improve the availability of nutritious food, enhance healthcare services, promote breastfeeding, and raise awareness about proper nutrition. The government also undertook the “1000-day initiative”, which provides parents and healthcare workers with the most recent and up-to-date knowledge regarding the most critical factors that can impact a child’s cognitive development during the first 1000 days of a child’s life, starting from conception. 

Challenges in Addressing the Food Crisis in India

Despite efforts to tackle malnutrition, several challenges persist, such as poverty, lack of awareness, poor infrastructure, and the complex nature of the issue. Implementation gaps, inadequate funding, and limited coordination among sectors such as health, agriculture, environment, sanitation, gender, and education hinder progress in effectively combating malnutrition.  

Insights from an expert working in the field in India 

Action Against Hunger India is actively engaged in addressing malnutrition by prioritizing various key areas. Their efforts are focused on enhancing nutrition literacy, promoting food security, and improving livelihood opportunities. Additionally, they aim to ensure access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene, all of which are vital during the crucial 1000-day period of a child’s life.

To combat malnutrition effectively, the organization provides support and counselling to both primary and secondary caregivers of malnourished children. Through these efforts, they seek to strengthen nutrition-sensitive practices and create sustainable solutions. One way they do this is by establishing poultry farms, kitchen gardens, and pisciculture ponds. Concurrently, Action Against Hunger consistently offers guidance on WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) practices and introduces cost-effective hand hygiene set-ups like tippy taps. 

In summary, Action Against Hunger India takes a comprehensive approach to tackle malnutrition, ensuring the well-being and development of children through improved nutrition practices, livelihood opportunities, and access to essential resources.

Conclusion

Malnutrition is a serious issue that has affected billions of people worldwide. It is an issue of concern in both developed and developing countries but is more detrimental to developing countries. A lot of people in Central African and South Asian countries are dying each year due to hunger and malnourishment. Most of India’s children under 5 years of age suffer from the severe effects of malnutrition. This is because of hunger, poverty, and food lacking essential nutrients.  

Several efforts have been taken by the government of India and globally to reduce poverty by launching initiatives at the state and national levels. The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and the Midday Meal Scheme have provided supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-ups, and preschool education to vulnerable populations in India. This has led to a positive effect. However, challenges remain in reaching remote areas and ensuring proper delivery of services.

The collaborative endeavours of both governmental and non-governmental organizations have demonstrated lasting effectiveness in addressing malnutrition and hunger. To combat these challenges successfully, it is essential to implement nutrition interventions that target not only the immediate issues of malnutrition but also the underlying social problems such as poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment. By tackling these interconnected issues, we can work towards eradicating malnutrition and securing a better future for children, ensuring they lead healthier and more fulfilling lives.

References

1. Chakravorty, S., & None Manisha. (2023). Data analysis of malnutrition in India: a review of numerous factors. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 10(7), 2629–2636: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20232064
2. Combating Malnutrition With More Than Income Growth. (2012, August 30). PRB. https://www.prb.org/resources/combating-malnutrition-with-more-than-income-growth/ Hunger crisis in Haiti. (n.d.). Plan International Haiti: https://plan-international.org/haiti/hunger-crisis-in-haiti/
3. Malnutrition in India. (n.d.). NextIAS: https://www.nextias.com/current-affairs/28-07-2022/malnutrition-in-india
4. Mathew, M., Francis, P., & Sebastian, S. (2020). Studying the prevalence of malnutrition in India: An interstate analysis: https://www.academia.edu/51930317/Studying_the_Prevalence_of_Malnutrition_in_India_An_Inter_State_Analysis?source=swp_share
5. Somalia emergency | World Food Programme. (2023). www.wfp.org; World Food Programme: https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/somalia-emergency
6. Towle, M. (2011, March 24). India is booming – so why are nearly half of its children malnourished? (Part 1). State of the Planet: https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2011/03/24/india-is-booming-so-why-are-nearly-half-of-its-children-malnourished-part-1/
7. Yemen emergency | World Food Programme. (2022). Wfp.org; World Food Programme: https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/yemen-emergency

Authors

Seerath Prakash & Srinjay Mukherjee

Seerath Prakash is a Modern School Barakhamba Road student, currently studying in grade 12. She is keenly interested in human welfare and regularly organises drives to provide food for the underprivileged.

Srinjay Mukherjee is a DPS Monarch International School student in Doha, studying in grade 12. He is keenly interested in history, politics, and international relations and enjoys writing on fictional and non-fictional topics.